Biography
He started playing Go at 13. He was promoted to the 6th in 1982, then the 9th dan in 1988. He is married to Hua Xueming.
Titles & Runner Ups
Ranks #7 in .
Monday, October 13, 2008
Liu Xiaoguang
Liu Xiaoguang is a professional .
He started playing Go at 13. He was promoted to the 6th in 1982, then the 9th dan in 1988. He is married to Hua Xueming.
Ranks #7 in .
He started playing Go at 13. He was promoted to the 6th in 1982, then the 9th dan in 1988. He is married to Hua Xueming.
Ranks #7 in .
Sun Dianying
Sun Diangying was one of the minor warlords during the Warlord Era.
Born in 1889 in Yongcheng, Henan, Sun was originally a bandit in the area of Henan Anhui. He gradually extended his influence and power through years. In 1925 Sun joined the National Revolutionary Army. In 1928, he plotted the notorious looting of the Eastern Mausoleum of the Manchu emperors. Latter with Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan, Sun participated in various anti-Chiang Kai-shek movements.
In 1932-33, when the Japanese forces of the IJA 4th Cavalry and 6th Division in Operation Nekka invaded Jehol/Rehe he commanded the 41st Army in effective opposition to the Japanese in the Battle of Rehe. This slightly rehabilitated his reputation, but he also seized the chance to expand his strength. At the time of the Tanggu Truce, Sun's troops garrisoned the strategic Peiking Suiyuan railroad.
In May 1933, with Feng Yuxiang in province organizing the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army, Sun too advocated opposition to Japan and criticised Chiang Kai-shek's Central government, yet protested his loyalty to Chiang. The national government feared Sun Dianying would cooperate with Feng's Anti-Japanese Army, allowing them to use the railroad to support their forces. However Sun was also not willing to be involved in a conflict with Chiang. He hoped to be involved in northwest development and control a territory of his own there. In mid June, when Chiang ordered Sun's army to leave the railroad garrison and open up wasteland in Qinghai he was willing to go. Chiang's troops replaced them in July, cutting off the Anti-Japanese Army from communication with the rest of China.
Chiang intended the allied northwest would have the strength to cope with Sun Dianying and be weakened themselves. Additionally Chiang sent Zhu Shaoliang to the northwest as Gansu Pacification Director, who for his own benefit, secretly encouraged the three Ma Sultanates to block and prevent Sun from entering his new post. Strong protests from the region, and Chiang's weakness in the area eventually persuaded him to halt Sun's advance through Suiyuan province in November 1933. However his forces became short of food and restive from their inactivity.
In January 1934 with his army threatened with starvation and mutiny, Sun Dianying was forced to march his 60,000 man army west from Suiyuan province into Ningxia, governed by Ma Hongbin. Supported by his fellow Ma Clan rulers Ma Hongkui in Gansu, and Ma Bufang with his younger brother Ma Buqing in Qinghai, Ma Hungpin refused and with the united Ma forces began the Four Ma Jusun Campaign. Both sides battled for three months, with heavy loss to both sides. At last in March Yan Xishan dispatched troops into the battle cutting Sun's avenue of retreat, while Chiang Kai-Shek seized the chance to publicly abolish Sun's various duties. Sun Dianying was compelled to retreat back to Baotou in the beginning of April, and then went to Taiyuan to live in seclusion, the remnants of his defeated troops were incorporated by Yan Xishan into his provincial forces.
In 1937, when the Second Sino-Japanese War erupted, Sun resurfaced once again commanding troops against the Japanese, taking command of the Hebei-Chahar Guerillas in 1938. In 1943 he became the General commanding 5th Army. However he surrendered to the Japanese soon after and was given command of 24th Group Army, a unit of Nanjing puppet troops. In August 1943 his command was defeated by forces in the Linnan Campaign.
When the Second Sino-Japanese War was over, Sun participated in the Chinese Civil War on Nationalist's side. In 1947, he was defeated by People's Liberation Army and was taken prisoner. He died in a POW camp.
中国抗日战争正面战场作战记
*Author : Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
*Jiangsu People's Publishing House
*Date published: 2005-7-1
*ISBN 7214030349
China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 5, No. 1; Nationalists, Muslim Warlords, and the “Great Northwestern Development” in Pre-Communist China by Hsiao-ting Lin , p. 121-142
*?Central Asia-Caucasus Institute& Silk Road Studies Program
*ISSN: 1653-4212
*
Biography
Born in 1889 in Yongcheng, Henan, Sun was originally a bandit in the area of Henan Anhui. He gradually extended his influence and power through years. In 1925 Sun joined the National Revolutionary Army. In 1928, he plotted the notorious looting of the Eastern Mausoleum of the Manchu emperors. Latter with Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan, Sun participated in various anti-Chiang Kai-shek movements.
In 1932-33, when the Japanese forces of the IJA 4th Cavalry and 6th Division in Operation Nekka invaded Jehol/Rehe he commanded the 41st Army in effective opposition to the Japanese in the Battle of Rehe. This slightly rehabilitated his reputation, but he also seized the chance to expand his strength. At the time of the Tanggu Truce, Sun's troops garrisoned the strategic Peiking Suiyuan railroad.
In May 1933, with Feng Yuxiang in province organizing the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army, Sun too advocated opposition to Japan and criticised Chiang Kai-shek's Central government, yet protested his loyalty to Chiang. The national government feared Sun Dianying would cooperate with Feng's Anti-Japanese Army, allowing them to use the railroad to support their forces. However Sun was also not willing to be involved in a conflict with Chiang. He hoped to be involved in northwest development and control a territory of his own there. In mid June, when Chiang ordered Sun's army to leave the railroad garrison and open up wasteland in Qinghai he was willing to go. Chiang's troops replaced them in July, cutting off the Anti-Japanese Army from communication with the rest of China.
Chiang intended the allied northwest would have the strength to cope with Sun Dianying and be weakened themselves. Additionally Chiang sent Zhu Shaoliang to the northwest as Gansu Pacification Director, who for his own benefit, secretly encouraged the three Ma Sultanates to block and prevent Sun from entering his new post. Strong protests from the region, and Chiang's weakness in the area eventually persuaded him to halt Sun's advance through Suiyuan province in November 1933. However his forces became short of food and restive from their inactivity.
In January 1934 with his army threatened with starvation and mutiny, Sun Dianying was forced to march his 60,000 man army west from Suiyuan province into Ningxia, governed by Ma Hongbin. Supported by his fellow Ma Clan rulers Ma Hongkui in Gansu, and Ma Bufang with his younger brother Ma Buqing in Qinghai, Ma Hungpin refused and with the united Ma forces began the Four Ma Jusun Campaign. Both sides battled for three months, with heavy loss to both sides. At last in March Yan Xishan dispatched troops into the battle cutting Sun's avenue of retreat, while Chiang Kai-Shek seized the chance to publicly abolish Sun's various duties. Sun Dianying was compelled to retreat back to Baotou in the beginning of April, and then went to Taiyuan to live in seclusion, the remnants of his defeated troops were incorporated by Yan Xishan into his provincial forces.
In 1937, when the Second Sino-Japanese War erupted, Sun resurfaced once again commanding troops against the Japanese, taking command of the Hebei-Chahar Guerillas in 1938. In 1943 he became the General commanding 5th Army. However he surrendered to the Japanese soon after and was given command of 24th Group Army, a unit of Nanjing puppet troops. In August 1943 his command was defeated by forces in the Linnan Campaign.
When the Second Sino-Japanese War was over, Sun participated in the Chinese Civil War on Nationalist's side. In 1947, he was defeated by People's Liberation Army and was taken prisoner. He died in a POW camp.
Sources
中国抗日战争正面战场作战记
*Author : Guo Rugui, editor-in-chief Huang Yuzhang
*Jiangsu People's Publishing House
*Date published: 2005-7-1
*ISBN 7214030349
China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Volume 5, No. 1; Nationalists, Muslim Warlords, and the “Great Northwestern Development” in Pre-Communist China by Hsiao-ting Lin , p. 121-142
*?Central Asia-Caucasus Institute& Silk Road Studies Program
*ISSN: 1653-4212
*
Sun Tiantian
Sun Tiantian is a female tennis player.
In September 2000, she won two successive $10,000 ITF singles titles, a feat she would repeat in June 2001, when she won another two back-to-back.
In 2002, she found repeat success at the next level up, winning two $25,000 tournaments: firstly in April, at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; and then in August at Beijing
In 2003, she reached the final of a $50,000 tournament at Modena despite entering as a lucky loser to countrywoman Yan Zi in the final round of qualifying. Having defeated several high-quality opponents in the forms of Martina Sucha, Maret Ani and Gala Leon Garcia, she lost in the final against Melinda Czink.
This year, she also gained entry into several WTA tournaments, most notably coming through qualifying at Doha by defeating Yuliana Fedak, Lubomira Kurhajcova and Maria Sanchez Lorenzo, only to lose in the deciding set of her opening round match against Nicole Pratt; and at the after a narrow victory over Selima Sfar, only to lose to Saori Obata at the first hurdle in the main draw. But she finished the year world-ranked 141.
In 2004, she qualified for the Australian Open after a win over Roberta Vinci, then qualified for Doha for the second year running. She went on to record impressive wins over Eva Birnerova and Sandra Kleinova to qualify for Miami; and over Camille Pin and Mara Santangelo to qualify for Amelia Island, where she also beat Cara Black in the main draw first round. At Wimbledon, she qualified with a win over and won her first-round tie against Tathiana Garbin before succumbing to Anne Kremer in Round Two. At the end of the year, she lost in a tight three-set final in the first $50,000 Shenzhen tournament to on-form countrywoman , 3–6 6–4 2–6. Her year-end ranking had improved to 118.
Sun also competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics, defeating Conchita Martinez and Virginia Ruano Pascual of Spain in the women's tennis doubles final to win a gold medal along with her partner .
In 2005, she reached her first WTA singles quarter-final at Hyderabad, defeating Tamarine Tanasugarn 6–2 6–1 in the second round before losing a close match against prominent German player Anna-Lena Groenefeld 6–7 3–6. After a relatively barren Spring season marked by several near-misses in qualifying, she again made her mark in August: both at Los Angeles, where she took French star Marion Bartoli to three sets in the second round, and in the U.S. Open, where she qualified with convincing straight-sets wins over Marlene Weingartner and Ludmila Cervanova and went on to defeat Samantha Stosur 6–3 7–6 in the first round of the main draw before succumbing to Anabel Medina Garrigues of Spain. But her career-best win to date was yet to come the following month at Beijing, where she defeated former #1 player Serena Williams in the 2nd Round after an easy first-round victory over Tatiana Panova of Russia, only to be outperformed in her second WTA quarter-final by rising star Maria Kirilenko. This run of results propelled her to a career-best world ranking of 88; but by the close of the year she had slipped back slightly to #105.
Early in 2006, Sun suffered some extremely tough draws, but fought every inch of the way in tight three-set losses to Amélie Mauresmo in the first round of the Australian Open and Nuria Llagostera Vives in the first round at Gold Coast, only to lose in qualifying for Doha and Dubai.
At the Tashkent Open held in Uzbekistan, Sun fought her way past Iroda Tulyaganova in the final to win the first WTA title of her career and became only the fourth Chinese woman to win a WTA title. On 9 October, 2006, she moved to a new career high of No.81 and is currently the Chinese No.4.
She is one of only two active players to have a winning record against Serena Williams. In their only meeting, she defeated Williams 6–2, 7–6 in the Round of 16 at Beijing in 2005.
On January 27, 2008, Sun captured her first Grand Slam title when she won the crown, partnering with Nenad Zimonji? of Serbia. The pair defeated Sania Mirza and Mahesh Bhupathi of India 7–6, 6–4. They won the title with their fifth championship point.
Career
In September 2000, she won two successive $10,000 ITF singles titles, a feat she would repeat in June 2001, when she won another two back-to-back.
In 2002, she found repeat success at the next level up, winning two $25,000 tournaments: firstly in April, at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; and then in August at Beijing
In 2003, she reached the final of a $50,000 tournament at Modena despite entering as a lucky loser to countrywoman Yan Zi in the final round of qualifying. Having defeated several high-quality opponents in the forms of Martina Sucha, Maret Ani and Gala Leon Garcia, she lost in the final against Melinda Czink.
This year, she also gained entry into several WTA tournaments, most notably coming through qualifying at Doha by defeating Yuliana Fedak, Lubomira Kurhajcova and Maria Sanchez Lorenzo, only to lose in the deciding set of her opening round match against Nicole Pratt; and at the after a narrow victory over Selima Sfar, only to lose to Saori Obata at the first hurdle in the main draw. But she finished the year world-ranked 141.
In 2004, she qualified for the Australian Open after a win over Roberta Vinci, then qualified for Doha for the second year running. She went on to record impressive wins over Eva Birnerova and Sandra Kleinova to qualify for Miami; and over Camille Pin and Mara Santangelo to qualify for Amelia Island, where she also beat Cara Black in the main draw first round. At Wimbledon, she qualified with a win over and won her first-round tie against Tathiana Garbin before succumbing to Anne Kremer in Round Two. At the end of the year, she lost in a tight three-set final in the first $50,000 Shenzhen tournament to on-form countrywoman , 3–6 6–4 2–6. Her year-end ranking had improved to 118.
Sun also competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics, defeating Conchita Martinez and Virginia Ruano Pascual of Spain in the women's tennis doubles final to win a gold medal along with her partner .
In 2005, she reached her first WTA singles quarter-final at Hyderabad, defeating Tamarine Tanasugarn 6–2 6–1 in the second round before losing a close match against prominent German player Anna-Lena Groenefeld 6–7 3–6. After a relatively barren Spring season marked by several near-misses in qualifying, she again made her mark in August: both at Los Angeles, where she took French star Marion Bartoli to three sets in the second round, and in the U.S. Open, where she qualified with convincing straight-sets wins over Marlene Weingartner and Ludmila Cervanova and went on to defeat Samantha Stosur 6–3 7–6 in the first round of the main draw before succumbing to Anabel Medina Garrigues of Spain. But her career-best win to date was yet to come the following month at Beijing, where she defeated former #1 player Serena Williams in the 2nd Round after an easy first-round victory over Tatiana Panova of Russia, only to be outperformed in her second WTA quarter-final by rising star Maria Kirilenko. This run of results propelled her to a career-best world ranking of 88; but by the close of the year she had slipped back slightly to #105.
Early in 2006, Sun suffered some extremely tough draws, but fought every inch of the way in tight three-set losses to Amélie Mauresmo in the first round of the Australian Open and Nuria Llagostera Vives in the first round at Gold Coast, only to lose in qualifying for Doha and Dubai.
At the Tashkent Open held in Uzbekistan, Sun fought her way past Iroda Tulyaganova in the final to win the first WTA title of her career and became only the fourth Chinese woman to win a WTA title. On 9 October, 2006, she moved to a new career high of No.81 and is currently the Chinese No.4.
She is one of only two active players to have a winning record against Serena Williams. In their only meeting, she defeated Williams 6–2, 7–6 in the Round of 16 at Beijing in 2005.
On January 27, 2008, Sun captured her first Grand Slam title when she won the crown, partnering with Nenad Zimonji? of Serbia. The pair defeated Sania Mirza and Mahesh Bhupathi of India 7–6, 6–4. They won the title with their fifth championship point.
WTA Tour titles
Singles wins
Doubles
Grand Slam mixed doubles title
Wins
Wang Nan (sport shooter)
Wang Nan is a male .
At the he finished in twelfth place in the qualification, missing a place among the top six, who progressed to the final round.
He also finished second at the 2005 World Championships and first at the .
He belongs to the Henan Provincial Shooting and Archery Administrative Center.
At the he finished in twelfth place in the qualification, missing a place among the top six, who progressed to the final round.
He also finished second at the 2005 World Championships and first at the .
He belongs to the Henan Provincial Shooting and Archery Administrative Center.
Wang Xi
Wang Xi is a professional .
Wang was bron in Kaifeng, Henan. He began playing Go at the very young age of 4. He was already enrolling in teams with professionals when he was only 8. In 1997, at the age of 13, Wang became a professional at the Zhongguo Qiyuan. The same year he entered the National Youth Squad. He was promoted to 3 dan in 1994, then 4 dan in 1999, and 5 dan in 2000. In 1999, he placed fifth at the National Youth Squad preliminary.
The biggest moment of his career came in 2004 when he reached the Samsung Cup final. Wang put up a good fight against Lee Sedol, but couldn't come through with the win. He had once participated in the Samsung Cup before, in 2002. The last few years have been good for Wang, as he has placed second place 4 times, He won his first title, the Liguang Cup in 2006.
Biography
Wang was bron in Kaifeng, Henan. He began playing Go at the very young age of 4. He was already enrolling in teams with professionals when he was only 8. In 1997, at the age of 13, Wang became a professional at the Zhongguo Qiyuan. The same year he entered the National Youth Squad. He was promoted to 3 dan in 1994, then 4 dan in 1999, and 5 dan in 2000. In 1999, he placed fifth at the National Youth Squad preliminary.
The biggest moment of his career came in 2004 when he reached the Samsung Cup final. Wang put up a good fight against Lee Sedol, but couldn't come through with the win. He had once participated in the Samsung Cup before, in 2002. The last few years have been good for Wang, as he has placed second place 4 times, He won his first title, the Liguang Cup in 2006.
Titles & runners-up
Wei Liucheng
Wu Jie
Wu Jie is a military and astronaut selected as part of the .
He was born in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. In 1987 he graduated from the People's Liberation Army Air Force Engineering College and later the PLAAF Flight College. A pilot in the PLAAF, he had accumulated 1100 flight-hours.
In November 1996, he and Li Qinglong, started training at the Russian Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center. When they returned to China a year later, they acted as the trainers for the first group of Shenzhou astronauts. Before the flight of ''Shenzhou 5'' it was thought that he or Li Qinglong would fly the mission, that was eventually flown by Yáng Lìwěi.
Wu was then one of the six astronauts in the final training for ''Shenzhou 6''.
Biography
He was born in Zhengzhou, Henan province, China. In 1987 he graduated from the People's Liberation Army Air Force Engineering College and later the PLAAF Flight College. A pilot in the PLAAF, he had accumulated 1100 flight-hours.
In November 1996, he and Li Qinglong, started training at the Russian Yuri Gagarin Cosmonauts Training Center. When they returned to China a year later, they acted as the trainers for the first group of Shenzhou astronauts. Before the flight of ''Shenzhou 5'' it was thought that he or Li Qinglong would fly the mission, that was eventually flown by Yáng Lìwěi.
Wu was then one of the six astronauts in the final training for ''Shenzhou 6''.
Xiu Xiu (pentathlon)
Xiu Xiu is a female who will compete in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.
Her personal best PB is coming 5th at the 2007 World Championships.
Her personal best PB is coming 5th at the 2007 World Championships.
Xu Heng
Xu Heng , was a Confucianist and educator of the Yuan Dynasty in China.
Xu Heng was born in present-day Xinyang of Henan Province, which was then governed by the . At the age of 16, he studied Confucian Classics and became enamoured of it. In early 1230s, when the Jin Dynasty was annihilated by the Mongols, he was captured, but soon freed. He then became a famous educator in Confucianism. After Kublai Khan's enthronement in 1260, Xu Heng, along with many other Confucianists such as Liu Bingzhong and Wang Xun, was invited by Kublai Khan to the court. He resigned next year, but was invited again later by Kublai Khan, and became an official of the Zhongshusheng . In 1271, Kublai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty, and established the National Academy of the dynasty, with Xu Heng being its first leader . Xu Heng was then devoted to education, and actively supported the spread of Neo-Confucianism. Later, he helped Guo Shoujing to formulate a new Chinese calendar known as Shoushili . In 1280 he resigned and returned home, and died in the next year.
Xu Heng was born in present-day Xinyang of Henan Province, which was then governed by the . At the age of 16, he studied Confucian Classics and became enamoured of it. In early 1230s, when the Jin Dynasty was annihilated by the Mongols, he was captured, but soon freed. He then became a famous educator in Confucianism. After Kublai Khan's enthronement in 1260, Xu Heng, along with many other Confucianists such as Liu Bingzhong and Wang Xun, was invited by Kublai Khan to the court. He resigned next year, but was invited again later by Kublai Khan, and became an official of the Zhongshusheng . In 1271, Kublai Khan founded the Yuan Dynasty, and established the National Academy of the dynasty, with Xu Heng being its first leader . Xu Heng was then devoted to education, and actively supported the spread of Neo-Confucianism. Later, he helped Guo Shoujing to formulate a new Chinese calendar known as Shoushili . In 1280 he resigned and returned home, and died in the next year.
Xu Yongyue
Xu Yongyue was the of the People's Republic of China and is a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China .
He was born in Zhenping County in Henan Province in 1942. He graduated from Beijing People's Public Security School. He joined the CPC in 1972.
Xu Yongyuewas the alternate member of the 15th CPC Central Committee and formal member of the 16th CPC Central Committee.
He was born in Zhenping County in Henan Province in 1942. He graduated from Beijing People's Public Security School. He joined the CPC in 1972.
Xu Yongyuewas the alternate member of the 15th CPC Central Committee and formal member of the 16th CPC Central Committee.
Yuan Baohua
Yuan Baohua is a Chinese educationalist and academic in the field of management. From 1985 to 1991 he was President of Renmin University.
Yuan was born in January 1916 in Nanzhao county, Henan province. He entered Beijing University in 1934 to study mathematics, later transferring to geology. During his time at university, Yuan became involved in student politics, joining Communist Youth League in April 1936, and later in September, becoming a member of the Communist Party of China itself.
In 1940, Yuan Baohua travelled to Yan'an to receive indoctrination. The next year, he was assigned to the Central Committee. At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Yuan Baohua was transferred to Manchuria, where he was involved in and economic planning. In June 1985, as a reward for his years of service in the northeast, Yuan Baohua was made President of Renmin University by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, later confirmed by the National People's Congress.
Biography
Yuan was born in January 1916 in Nanzhao county, Henan province. He entered Beijing University in 1934 to study mathematics, later transferring to geology. During his time at university, Yuan became involved in student politics, joining Communist Youth League in April 1936, and later in September, becoming a member of the Communist Party of China itself.
In 1940, Yuan Baohua travelled to Yan'an to receive indoctrination. The next year, he was assigned to the Central Committee. At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Yuan Baohua was transferred to Manchuria, where he was involved in and economic planning. In June 1985, as a reward for his years of service in the northeast, Yuan Baohua was made President of Renmin University by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, later confirmed by the National People's Congress.
Zhang Chunxian
Zhang Chunxian is a politician.
Originally from the city of Yuzhou in Henan province, Zhang Chunxian served as the deputy minister, and later minister, of the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China from 1998 to 2005. Since 2005, he has served as the secretary for Hunan province. In 2006, Zhang simultaneously took on the role of chairman of the provincial People's Congress.
He has been a member of the and s.
According to some speculative media rumors, in 2005 he married Li Xiuping, host of the Chinese Central Television program Xinwen Lianbo. If this speculation is accurate, this would be the second marriage for both of them. However, up to this point there has been no definite confirmation.
It is sure that Zhang chunxian had divorced his original wife, married Li, Xiuping on 18, Jan. 2005.
Biography
Originally from the city of Yuzhou in Henan province, Zhang Chunxian served as the deputy minister, and later minister, of the Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China from 1998 to 2005. Since 2005, he has served as the secretary for Hunan province. In 2006, Zhang simultaneously took on the role of chairman of the provincial People's Congress.
He has been a member of the and s.
According to some speculative media rumors, in 2005 he married Li Xiuping, host of the Chinese Central Television program Xinwen Lianbo. If this speculation is accurate, this would be the second marriage for both of them. However, up to this point there has been no definite confirmation.
It is sure that Zhang chunxian had divorced his original wife, married Li, Xiuping on 18, Jan. 2005.
Zhang Siqing
Zhang Siqing is a Chinese politician.
Zhang was born in Luoyang, Henan in 1932. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1952.
He was the President of Hubei High People's Court and Head of Hubei Public Security Bureau, and the Secretary of the Zhengfa Committee of the CPC Hubei Committee from 1983 to 1985.
Zhang entered the Supreme People's Procuratorate in 1985 and became an Associate Procurator. He was elected by the National People's Congress as the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate in 1993.
Biography
Zhang was born in Luoyang, Henan in 1932. He joined the Communist Party of China in 1952.
He was the President of Hubei High People's Court and Head of Hubei Public Security Bureau, and the Secretary of the Zhengfa Committee of the CPC Hubei Committee from 1983 to 1985.
Zhang entered the Supreme People's Procuratorate in 1985 and became an Associate Procurator. He was elected by the National People's Congress as the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate in 1993.
Zhang Zhilei
Zhang Zhilei is a Chinese amateur boxer best known for winning a bronze medal at the world amateur championships 2007 at super heavyweight and a silver medal at the 2008 Beijing Olympics .
2003 the huge southpaw lost in the first round of the World Championship to Polish fellow southpaw Grzegorz Kie?sa 22:8.
At the 2004 World University Boxing Championships he lost the final to Rustam Saidov.
2005 at the World Championships in his home country he beat Vugar Alekperov 20:11 before losing to eventual winner Odlanier Solis
Zhang lost at the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships to Ukrainian Vyacheslav Glazkov in the semifinals but qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics. There he settled for silver, losing the final to Italy's Roberto Cammarelle.
*Defeated Mohamed Amanissi 15-0
*Defeated Ruslan Myrsatayev 12-2
*Defeated Vyacheslav Glazkov walk-over
2003
*Lost to Grzegorz Kie?sa 8-22
2005
*Defeated Vugar Alekperov 20-11
*Lost to Odlanier Solis 7-17
2007
*Defeated Nurpais Torobekov RSCO 3
*Defeated Rustam Rygebayev 20-10
*Defeated Daniel Beahan KO 2
*Lost to Vyacheslav Glazkov 11-21
Career
2003 the huge southpaw lost in the first round of the World Championship to Polish fellow southpaw Grzegorz Kie?sa 22:8.
At the 2004 World University Boxing Championships he lost the final to Rustam Saidov.
2005 at the World Championships in his home country he beat Vugar Alekperov 20:11 before losing to eventual winner Odlanier Solis
Zhang lost at the 2007 World Amateur Boxing Championships to Ukrainian Vyacheslav Glazkov in the semifinals but qualified for the 2008 Summer Olympics. There he settled for silver, losing the final to Italy's Roberto Cammarelle.
Olympic results
*Defeated Mohamed Amanissi 15-0
*Defeated Ruslan Myrsatayev 12-2
*Defeated Vyacheslav Glazkov walk-over
World amateur championships results
2003
*Lost to Grzegorz Kie?sa 8-22
2005
*Defeated Vugar Alekperov 20-11
*Lost to Odlanier Solis 7-17
2007
*Defeated Nurpais Torobekov RSCO 3
*Defeated Rustam Rygebayev 20-10
*Defeated Daniel Beahan KO 2
*Lost to Vyacheslav Glazkov 11-21
Zhao Yingcheng
Zhao Yingcheng was a in China during the Ming dynasty and a Jew. He and his brother Zhao Yingdou, also a mandarin, held important government posts in the 1660s.
Proficient in both and , Zhao, from the province of Chen-Si, obtained the '''' degree in 1646. He was named director of the Ministry of Justice. Four years later he was sent to Fujian and Huguang as an official. He was remembered as an efficient administrator and excellent Confucian scholar who exterminated local bandits and founded schools.
In 1642, near the end of the Ming Dynasty, Kaifeng was flooded by the Ming army with water from the Yellow River to prevent the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from taking over. After this disaster, the city was abandoned. The synagogue of the was destroyed, and the Jews took refuge on the north side of the Yellow River. They took with them the scrolls, which had been saved after having been thrown into the river.
Ten years later, Zhao was detailed to restore the city. With the aid of his brother, Zhao Yingdou, he induced the Jews to recross the river and take up their old quarters. The temple was rebuilt in 1653, with the personal financial support of Zhao. One complete scroll of the Law was made up out of the fragments which had been saved from the river, and other copies were made from this. A stone stele dated 1663 was afterward erected, giving the details of Zhao Yingcheng's action.
Zhao wrote an account of the saving of the scrolls and the rebuilding of the temple, ''Record of the Vicissitudes of the Holy Scriptures''. His brother wrote ''Preface to the Illustrious Way'', believed to be an exposition of the tenets of Judaism. Both works are now lost, although in recent years Chinese scholars have begun a search for them in the libraries of Kaifeng, Beijing, and elsewhere.
*Li Yu, ''A History of Reading in Late Imperial China, 1000–1800'', Ohio State University doctoral dissertation, 2003
*
Life and career
Proficient in both and , Zhao, from the province of Chen-Si, obtained the '''' degree in 1646. He was named director of the Ministry of Justice. Four years later he was sent to Fujian and Huguang as an official. He was remembered as an efficient administrator and excellent Confucian scholar who exterminated local bandits and founded schools.
In 1642, near the end of the Ming Dynasty, Kaifeng was flooded by the Ming army with water from the Yellow River to prevent the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from taking over. After this disaster, the city was abandoned. The synagogue of the was destroyed, and the Jews took refuge on the north side of the Yellow River. They took with them the scrolls, which had been saved after having been thrown into the river.
Ten years later, Zhao was detailed to restore the city. With the aid of his brother, Zhao Yingdou, he induced the Jews to recross the river and take up their old quarters. The temple was rebuilt in 1653, with the personal financial support of Zhao. One complete scroll of the Law was made up out of the fragments which had been saved from the river, and other copies were made from this. A stone stele dated 1663 was afterward erected, giving the details of Zhao Yingcheng's action.
Zhao wrote an account of the saving of the scrolls and the rebuilding of the temple, ''Record of the Vicissitudes of the Holy Scriptures''. His brother wrote ''Preface to the Illustrious Way'', believed to be an exposition of the tenets of Judaism. Both works are now lost, although in recent years Chinese scholars have begun a search for them in the libraries of Kaifeng, Beijing, and elsewhere.
Sources
*Li Yu, ''A History of Reading in Late Imperial China, 1000–1800'', Ohio State University doctoral dissertation, 2003
*
Zhao Ziyang
Zhao Ziyang was a politician in the People's Republic of China. He was Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, and of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989. As a high-ranking government official, he was a leading reformer who implemented reforms that greatly increased production and sought measures to streamline the bloated bureaucracy and fight . Once slated as Deng Xiaoping's successor, Zhao Ziyang was purged for his sympathetic stance toward the student demonstrators in the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 and spent the last fifteen years of his life under house arrest.
Zhao was born Zhao Xiuye , but changed his given name to Ziyang while attending middle school. The son of a wealthy landlord in Hua County , Henan province, he joined the Communist Youth League in 1932 and worked underground as a Communist Party official during the Sino-Japanese War and subsequent Chinese Civil War. His father was killed by party officials in the late 1940s. He rose to prominence in the party in Guangdong from 1951 and introduced numerous successful agricultural reforms. In 1962, Zhao began to disband in order to return private land to peasants while assigning production contracts to individual households. He also directed a harsh purge of cadres accused of corruption or having ties to the Kuomintang. By 1965 Zhao was the Party secretary of Guangdong province, despite not being a member of the .
As a supporter of the reforms of Liu Shaoqi, he was dismissed as Guangdong party leader in 1967 during the Cultural Revolution, paraded through Guangzhou in a dunce cap and denounced as "a stinking remnant of the landlord class". He spent four years in forced labor at a factory. In 1971 he was assigned to work as an official in Inner Mongolia and then returned to Guangdong in 1972.
Zhao was by Zhou Enlai in 1973, appointed to the , and sent to China's largest province , Sichuan, as first party secretary in 1975. Sichuan had been economically devastated by the Great Leap Forward, and the consequent Cultural Revolution. Zhao turned the province around by introducing radical and successful Market-oriented rural reforms, which led to an increase in industrial production by 81% and agricultural output by 25% within three years. Deng Xiaoping saw the "Sichuan Experience" as the model for Chinese economic reform and had Zhao inducted into the Politburo as an alternate member in 1977 and as a full member in 1979. He joined the in 1982.
Since Sichuan province was a strong base of Radicalism during the Cultural Revolution, the ardent followers of the Gang of Four vehemently opposed Zhao's reforms. However, Zhao's policy had huge popular support and the supporters of the Gang of Four turned to assassination after all other supposedly legal means failed. Over the years in Sichuan during the Cultural Revolution, there were no fewer than half a dozen attempts on Zhao's life, and the most serious one happened when Zhao's jeep was ambushed in a valley during one of his trips, where he narrowly escaped death, but in an attempt to save Zhao's life, his driver/secretary was crushed and buried by an artificially induced landslide. Although attempts on Zhao's only resulted in this single loss of life, the last culprits were not caught until 1983, well after the end of the Cultural Revolution.
Zhao was rehabilitated in 1971 and appointed Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Revolutionary Committee secretary and Vice Chairman in March 1972. He was elevated to the 10th Central Committee in August 1973 and returned to Guangdong as 1st CCP Secretary and Revolutionary Committee Chair in April 1974. He added Guangdong Military District Political Commissar to his titles in September 1975. Zhao was transferred to Sichuan, and in addition to his party titles, became Political Commissar of the Chengdu Military Region in December 1975.
After six months as vice-premier, Zhao was appointed premier in 1980 to replace Hua Guofeng, 's designated successor, who was being pushed out of power by Deng Xiaoping. He developed "preliminary stage theory," a course for transforming the that set the stage for much of the later Chinese economic reform. As premier, he implemented many of the policies that were successful in Sichuan, including giving limited self-management to industrial enterprises and increased control over production to peasants. Zhao sought to develop coastal provinces with special economic zones that could lure foreign investment and create export hubs. This led to rapid increases in both agricultural and light-industrial production throughout the 1980s, but his economic reforms were criticized for causing inflation. Zhao also persisted in advocating an open , fostering good relations with that could aid China's economic development.
Zhao was a solid believer in the party, but he defined socialism much differently than party conservatives. Zhao called political reform "the biggest test facing socialism." He believed economic progress was inextricably linked to . As early as 1986, Zhao became the first high-ranking Chinese leader to call for change, by offering a choice of election candidates from the village level all the way up to membership in the Central Committee.
In the 1980s, Zhao was branded by many as a revisionist of Marxism. He advocated government transparency and a national dialogue that included ordinary citizens in the policymaking process, which made him popular with the masses. In Sichuan, where Zhao implemented economic restructuring in the 1970s, there was a saying: "要吃粮，找紫阳 ." The wordplay on his name, loosely translated, means "if you want to feed yourself, follow Ziyang."
In January 1987, Deng forced reformist leader Hu Yaobang to resign for being too lenient to student protestors; Zhao replaced him as CPC General Secretary, whose vacated premiership was in turn filled by Li Peng. This put Zhao in the position to succeed Deng as paramount leader. While General Secretary Zhao favored loosening government controls over industry and creating free-enterprise zones in the coastal regions, Premier Li favored a cautious approach that relied more on central planning and guidance.
In the 1987 Communist Party Congress Zhao declared that China was in "a primary stage of socialism" that could last 100 years. Under this premise, China needed to experiment with a variety of economic systems to stimulate production. Zhao proposed to separate the roles of the party and state, a proposal that has since become taboo. According to western observers, the two years Zhao served as General Secretary were the most open in modern Chinese history—many limitations on freedom of speech and freedom of press were relaxed, allowing intellectuals to freely propose improvements for the country.
Equally important, in the economic arena, Zhao was one of the first leaders to advocate the reduction of state control in enterprises by increasing private ownership via stock. Although the idea also became taboo during Zhao's era, it did begin to become a reality since 1990s.
Zhao's proposal in May 1988 to accelerate price reform led to widespread popular complaints about rampant inflation and gave opponents of rapid reform the opening to call for greater centralization of economic controls and stricter prohibitions against Western influence. This precipitated a political debate, which grew more heated through the winter of 1988 to 1989.
The second half of 1988 saw the increasing deterioration of Zhao's political environment. In fact, Zhao found himself in multi-front turf battles with the party elders, who grew increasingly dissatisfied with Zhao's hands-off approach to ideological matters, as well as the conservative faction in the politburo led by Li Peng and Yao Yilin, who were constantly at odds with him in economic and fiscal policy making. In the mean time, Zhao was under growing pressure to combat the runaway corruption by the rank-and-file officials and their family members. As the year of 1989 kicked off, it was evident that Zhao was faced with an increasingly difficult uphill battle, to some extent he was fighting for his own political survival. If he was unable to turn things around rapidly, a showdown with the party conservatives would be all but inevitable. As it happened, the student protests triggered by the sudden death of former CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang, widely seen as a reform-minded leader, provided Zhao with a golden opportunity to regain political upperhand and to advance his reform agenda.
The death of Hu Yaobang on 15 April 1989, coupled with growing economic hardship caused by high inflation, provided the backdrop for the large-scale protest of 1989 by students, intellectuals, and other parts of a disaffected population. Student demonstrators, taking advantage of the loosening political atmosphere, reacted to a variety of causes of discontent, which they attributed to the slow pace of reform. Ironically, some of the original invective was also directed against Zhao. The party hardliners increasingly came to the opposite conclusion, regretting an excessively rapid pace of change for causing the mood of confusion and frustration rife among college students. The protesters called for an end to official corruption and for defense of freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Protests also spread through many other cities, including Shanghai and Guangzhou.
The tragic events of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 sealed Zhao's fate and rendered impossible any further democratic movement. While he was paying an official visit to Pyongyang, the party hard-liners exploited the opportunity to declare the ongoing protests "counter-revolutionary." Upon returning from Pyongyang, Zhao made several attempts to steer the course toward what he called "a track based upon democracy and the rule of law". He opened up channels for direct dialogues between students and the government at multiple levels. He also ordered the news media to cover the student demonstrations with unprecedented openness. A number of legislative initiatives aimed at the reform of press, news media and education were also under way. However, Zhao's initiatives, along with his conciliatory attitude toward the students, were seen by the elders and other party hard-liners as hastened steps toward breaking free the party control, therefore a recipe for ultimate disaster. The evening of 16 May marked the point of no return of Zhao's political career. At the onset of his meeting with the visiting Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Zhao made a stunning announcement declaring that Deng Xiaoping, though officially no longer a member of the party central committee, was still having final say in major decision-making. Zhao's move was viewed as an unmistakable sign of departing company with the party leadership, especially the aging paramount leader. It was at this point that Zhao completely lost the trust of Deng Xiaoping, his long-time political patron and mentor. On the night of 18 May, Zhao was summoned to Deng's residence and a hastily called Politburo Standing Committee was called to endorse martial law with Zhao casting the lone dissenting vote.
Shortly before 5 A.M. on the morning of 19 May, Zhao appeared in Tiananmen Square and wandered among the crowd of protesters. Using a bullhorn, he had the following famous speech with the students at the square. It was first broadcast through China Central Television nationwide.
" 我們已經老了，無所謂了。" - ''"We are already old, it doesn't matter to us any more."'' became a famous quote after that. That was his last public appearance.
The protesters did not disperse. A day after Zhao's 19 May visit to Tiananmen Square, Premier Li Peng publicly declared martial law. In the power struggle that ensued, Zhao was stripped of all his positions. What motivated Zhao remains, even today, a topic of debate by many. Some say he went into the square hoping a conciliatory gesture would gain him leverage against hard-liners like Premier Li Peng. Others believe he supported the protesters and did not want to see them hurt when the military was called in. After the incident, Zhao was placed under house arrest and replaced as General Secretary by Jiang Zemin, who had suppressed similar protests in Shanghai without much bloodshed.
Zhao remained under tight supervision and was allowed to leave his courtyard compound or receive visitors only with permission from the highest echelons of the party. There were occasional reports of him attending the funeral of a dead comrade, visiting other parts of China or playing golf at Beijing courses, but the government rather successfully kept him hidden from news reports and history books. Over that period, only a few snapshots of a gray-haired Zhao leaked out to the media. On at least two occasions Zhao wrote letters, addressed to the Chinese government, in which he put forward the case for a reassessment of the Tiananmen Massacre. One of those letters appeared on the eve of the Communist Party's 15th National Congress. The other came during a 1998 visit to China by U.S. President Bill Clinton. Neither was ever published in mainland China.
In February 2004, Zhao had a pneumonia attack that led to a lung malfunctioning and was hospitalized for three weeks. Zhao was hospitalized again with pneumonia on 5 December 2004. Reports of his death were officially denied in early January 2005. Later, on 15 January, he was reported to be in a coma after multiple . According to activist Frank Lu, Vice President Zeng Qinghong visited Zhao in the hospital. Zhao died on 17 January in a Beijing hospital at 07:01 at the age of 85. He is survived by his second wife, Liang Boqi, and five children .
The government's response to Zhao's death was notably muted, probably out of fear that mass mourning would spark national protests as had occurred after the deaths of Zhou Enlai and Hu Yaobang. The official government Xinhua News Agency reported as "Zhao Ziyang died at 85" in the English version, while the Chinese title was "Comrade Zhao Ziyang died." It did not make any note of his official titles or legacy as a leader. This is considered unusual, because people who have lower ranks than he did would usually get numerous titles, such as the great revolutionist, loved by the people, etc. Zhao's death was not mentioned on state-run television and radio programs. All Chinese newspapers carried the exact same 59-word obituary on the day following his death, leaving the main means of mass dissemination through the Internet. Internet forums, such as the Strong Nation Forum and the SINA.com Forum were flooded with messages expressing condolences for Zhao, but these messages were promptly deleted by s, leading to more postings attacking the moderators for deleting the postings.
In Hong Kong, 10,000–15,000 people attended the candlelight vigil in remembrance of Zhao. Mainlanders such as Chen Juoyi said that it was illegal for Hong Kong legislators to join any farewell ceremony, stating ''"...under the 'one country, two systems' a Hong Kong legislator cannot care anything about mainland China."'' The statement caused a political storm in Hong Kong that continued for three days after his speech. Szeto Wah, the chairman of The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said that it was not right for the Communists to suppress the memorial ceremony. The twenty-four pan-democrat legislators went against the chairperson of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, insisting that security be tightened at Tiananmen Square and at Zhao's house, and that the authorities try to prevent any public displays of grief.
Similar memorials were held around the world, notably in New York City and Washington, DC where American government officials and exiled political dissidents attended.
Zhao's positions would have normally entitled him to a state funeral, but the PRC government stated that the funerary arrangements for past leaders had been streamlined and state funerals were no longer held. Skeptics have questioned whether future funerals of Chinese ex-leaders will be as muted as Zhao's.
On 29 January 2005 the government held a funeral ceremony for him at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery, a place reserved for revolutionary heroes and high government officials, that was attended by some 2,000 mourners that had been pre-approved to attend. Several dissidents, including Zhao's secretary Bao Tong and Tiananmen Mothers leader Ding Zilin, were kept under house arrest to prevent them from attending. The most senior official to attend the funeral was Jia Qinglin, fourth in the party hierarchy. Mourners were allowed five at a time to view Zhao's flag-covered body and to pay respect to his family. They were forbidden to bring flowers or to inscribe their own messages on the government-issued flowers. There was no eulogy at the ceremony because the government and Zhao's family could not agree on its content: while the government wanted to say he made mistakes, his family refused to accept he did anything wrong. On the day of his funeral, state television mentioned Zhao's death for the first time and issued a short obituary acknowledging his contribution to economic reforms, but saying he made "serious mistakes" during the 1989 protests. After the ceremony, Zhao was . His ashes were taken to his Beijing home as the government denied him a place at Babaoshan.
In 2005, former NPC Chairman Wan Li joined more than 20 retired Politburo members, including Tian Jiyun, former Vice Premier,
in asking the Central Government to rehabilitate Zhao’s name and hold memorial services for him for his many important contributions to China. The Chinese government agreed to hold a ceremony to honor the late Communist Party chief Zhao Ziyang, but the response fell far short of satisfying the requests from both inside and outside the CPC.
Rise to power
Zhao was born Zhao Xiuye , but changed his given name to Ziyang while attending middle school. The son of a wealthy landlord in Hua County , Henan province, he joined the Communist Youth League in 1932 and worked underground as a Communist Party official during the Sino-Japanese War and subsequent Chinese Civil War. His father was killed by party officials in the late 1940s. He rose to prominence in the party in Guangdong from 1951 and introduced numerous successful agricultural reforms. In 1962, Zhao began to disband in order to return private land to peasants while assigning production contracts to individual households. He also directed a harsh purge of cadres accused of corruption or having ties to the Kuomintang. By 1965 Zhao was the Party secretary of Guangdong province, despite not being a member of the .
As a supporter of the reforms of Liu Shaoqi, he was dismissed as Guangdong party leader in 1967 during the Cultural Revolution, paraded through Guangzhou in a dunce cap and denounced as "a stinking remnant of the landlord class". He spent four years in forced labor at a factory. In 1971 he was assigned to work as an official in Inner Mongolia and then returned to Guangdong in 1972.
Zhao was by Zhou Enlai in 1973, appointed to the , and sent to China's largest province , Sichuan, as first party secretary in 1975. Sichuan had been economically devastated by the Great Leap Forward, and the consequent Cultural Revolution. Zhao turned the province around by introducing radical and successful Market-oriented rural reforms, which led to an increase in industrial production by 81% and agricultural output by 25% within three years. Deng Xiaoping saw the "Sichuan Experience" as the model for Chinese economic reform and had Zhao inducted into the Politburo as an alternate member in 1977 and as a full member in 1979. He joined the in 1982.
Survived Assassination Attempts
Since Sichuan province was a strong base of Radicalism during the Cultural Revolution, the ardent followers of the Gang of Four vehemently opposed Zhao's reforms. However, Zhao's policy had huge popular support and the supporters of the Gang of Four turned to assassination after all other supposedly legal means failed. Over the years in Sichuan during the Cultural Revolution, there were no fewer than half a dozen attempts on Zhao's life, and the most serious one happened when Zhao's jeep was ambushed in a valley during one of his trips, where he narrowly escaped death, but in an attempt to save Zhao's life, his driver/secretary was crushed and buried by an artificially induced landslide. Although attempts on Zhao's only resulted in this single loss of life, the last culprits were not caught until 1983, well after the end of the Cultural Revolution.
Rehabilitation
Zhao was rehabilitated in 1971 and appointed Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Revolutionary Committee secretary and Vice Chairman in March 1972. He was elevated to the 10th Central Committee in August 1973 and returned to Guangdong as 1st CCP Secretary and Revolutionary Committee Chair in April 1974. He added Guangdong Military District Political Commissar to his titles in September 1975. Zhao was transferred to Sichuan, and in addition to his party titles, became Political Commissar of the Chengdu Military Region in December 1975.
Reformist leader
After six months as vice-premier, Zhao was appointed premier in 1980 to replace Hua Guofeng, 's designated successor, who was being pushed out of power by Deng Xiaoping. He developed "preliminary stage theory," a course for transforming the that set the stage for much of the later Chinese economic reform. As premier, he implemented many of the policies that were successful in Sichuan, including giving limited self-management to industrial enterprises and increased control over production to peasants. Zhao sought to develop coastal provinces with special economic zones that could lure foreign investment and create export hubs. This led to rapid increases in both agricultural and light-industrial production throughout the 1980s, but his economic reforms were criticized for causing inflation. Zhao also persisted in advocating an open , fostering good relations with that could aid China's economic development.
Zhao was a solid believer in the party, but he defined socialism much differently than party conservatives. Zhao called political reform "the biggest test facing socialism." He believed economic progress was inextricably linked to . As early as 1986, Zhao became the first high-ranking Chinese leader to call for change, by offering a choice of election candidates from the village level all the way up to membership in the Central Committee.
In the 1980s, Zhao was branded by many as a revisionist of Marxism. He advocated government transparency and a national dialogue that included ordinary citizens in the policymaking process, which made him popular with the masses. In Sichuan, where Zhao implemented economic restructuring in the 1970s, there was a saying: "要吃粮，找紫阳 ." The wordplay on his name, loosely translated, means "if you want to feed yourself, follow Ziyang."
In January 1987, Deng forced reformist leader Hu Yaobang to resign for being too lenient to student protestors; Zhao replaced him as CPC General Secretary, whose vacated premiership was in turn filled by Li Peng. This put Zhao in the position to succeed Deng as paramount leader. While General Secretary Zhao favored loosening government controls over industry and creating free-enterprise zones in the coastal regions, Premier Li favored a cautious approach that relied more on central planning and guidance.
In the 1987 Communist Party Congress Zhao declared that China was in "a primary stage of socialism" that could last 100 years. Under this premise, China needed to experiment with a variety of economic systems to stimulate production. Zhao proposed to separate the roles of the party and state, a proposal that has since become taboo. According to western observers, the two years Zhao served as General Secretary were the most open in modern Chinese history—many limitations on freedom of speech and freedom of press were relaxed, allowing intellectuals to freely propose improvements for the country.
Equally important, in the economic arena, Zhao was one of the first leaders to advocate the reduction of state control in enterprises by increasing private ownership via stock. Although the idea also became taboo during Zhao's era, it did begin to become a reality since 1990s.
Zhao's proposal in May 1988 to accelerate price reform led to widespread popular complaints about rampant inflation and gave opponents of rapid reform the opening to call for greater centralization of economic controls and stricter prohibitions against Western influence. This precipitated a political debate, which grew more heated through the winter of 1988 to 1989.
The second half of 1988 saw the increasing deterioration of Zhao's political environment. In fact, Zhao found himself in multi-front turf battles with the party elders, who grew increasingly dissatisfied with Zhao's hands-off approach to ideological matters, as well as the conservative faction in the politburo led by Li Peng and Yao Yilin, who were constantly at odds with him in economic and fiscal policy making. In the mean time, Zhao was under growing pressure to combat the runaway corruption by the rank-and-file officials and their family members. As the year of 1989 kicked off, it was evident that Zhao was faced with an increasingly difficult uphill battle, to some extent he was fighting for his own political survival. If he was unable to turn things around rapidly, a showdown with the party conservatives would be all but inevitable. As it happened, the student protests triggered by the sudden death of former CCP General Secretary Hu Yaobang, widely seen as a reform-minded leader, provided Zhao with a golden opportunity to regain political upperhand and to advance his reform agenda.
Purged after Tiananmen Square Protests
The death of Hu Yaobang on 15 April 1989, coupled with growing economic hardship caused by high inflation, provided the backdrop for the large-scale protest of 1989 by students, intellectuals, and other parts of a disaffected population. Student demonstrators, taking advantage of the loosening political atmosphere, reacted to a variety of causes of discontent, which they attributed to the slow pace of reform. Ironically, some of the original invective was also directed against Zhao. The party hardliners increasingly came to the opposite conclusion, regretting an excessively rapid pace of change for causing the mood of confusion and frustration rife among college students. The protesters called for an end to official corruption and for defense of freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Protests also spread through many other cities, including Shanghai and Guangzhou.
The tragic events of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 sealed Zhao's fate and rendered impossible any further democratic movement. While he was paying an official visit to Pyongyang, the party hard-liners exploited the opportunity to declare the ongoing protests "counter-revolutionary." Upon returning from Pyongyang, Zhao made several attempts to steer the course toward what he called "a track based upon democracy and the rule of law". He opened up channels for direct dialogues between students and the government at multiple levels. He also ordered the news media to cover the student demonstrations with unprecedented openness. A number of legislative initiatives aimed at the reform of press, news media and education were also under way. However, Zhao's initiatives, along with his conciliatory attitude toward the students, were seen by the elders and other party hard-liners as hastened steps toward breaking free the party control, therefore a recipe for ultimate disaster. The evening of 16 May marked the point of no return of Zhao's political career. At the onset of his meeting with the visiting Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, Zhao made a stunning announcement declaring that Deng Xiaoping, though officially no longer a member of the party central committee, was still having final say in major decision-making. Zhao's move was viewed as an unmistakable sign of departing company with the party leadership, especially the aging paramount leader. It was at this point that Zhao completely lost the trust of Deng Xiaoping, his long-time political patron and mentor. On the night of 18 May, Zhao was summoned to Deng's residence and a hastily called Politburo Standing Committee was called to endorse martial law with Zhao casting the lone dissenting vote.
Shortly before 5 A.M. on the morning of 19 May, Zhao appeared in Tiananmen Square and wandered among the crowd of protesters. Using a bullhorn, he had the following famous speech with the students at the square. It was first broadcast through China Central Television nationwide.
" 我們已經老了，無所謂了。" - ''"We are already old, it doesn't matter to us any more."'' became a famous quote after that. That was his last public appearance.
House arrest until death
The protesters did not disperse. A day after Zhao's 19 May visit to Tiananmen Square, Premier Li Peng publicly declared martial law. In the power struggle that ensued, Zhao was stripped of all his positions. What motivated Zhao remains, even today, a topic of debate by many. Some say he went into the square hoping a conciliatory gesture would gain him leverage against hard-liners like Premier Li Peng. Others believe he supported the protesters and did not want to see them hurt when the military was called in. After the incident, Zhao was placed under house arrest and replaced as General Secretary by Jiang Zemin, who had suppressed similar protests in Shanghai without much bloodshed.
Zhao remained under tight supervision and was allowed to leave his courtyard compound or receive visitors only with permission from the highest echelons of the party. There were occasional reports of him attending the funeral of a dead comrade, visiting other parts of China or playing golf at Beijing courses, but the government rather successfully kept him hidden from news reports and history books. Over that period, only a few snapshots of a gray-haired Zhao leaked out to the media. On at least two occasions Zhao wrote letters, addressed to the Chinese government, in which he put forward the case for a reassessment of the Tiananmen Massacre. One of those letters appeared on the eve of the Communist Party's 15th National Congress. The other came during a 1998 visit to China by U.S. President Bill Clinton. Neither was ever published in mainland China.
Death and muted response
In February 2004, Zhao had a pneumonia attack that led to a lung malfunctioning and was hospitalized for three weeks. Zhao was hospitalized again with pneumonia on 5 December 2004. Reports of his death were officially denied in early January 2005. Later, on 15 January, he was reported to be in a coma after multiple . According to activist Frank Lu, Vice President Zeng Qinghong visited Zhao in the hospital. Zhao died on 17 January in a Beijing hospital at 07:01 at the age of 85. He is survived by his second wife, Liang Boqi, and five children .
The government's response to Zhao's death was notably muted, probably out of fear that mass mourning would spark national protests as had occurred after the deaths of Zhou Enlai and Hu Yaobang. The official government Xinhua News Agency reported as "Zhao Ziyang died at 85" in the English version, while the Chinese title was "Comrade Zhao Ziyang died." It did not make any note of his official titles or legacy as a leader. This is considered unusual, because people who have lower ranks than he did would usually get numerous titles, such as the great revolutionist, loved by the people, etc. Zhao's death was not mentioned on state-run television and radio programs. All Chinese newspapers carried the exact same 59-word obituary on the day following his death, leaving the main means of mass dissemination through the Internet. Internet forums, such as the Strong Nation Forum and the SINA.com Forum were flooded with messages expressing condolences for Zhao, but these messages were promptly deleted by s, leading to more postings attacking the moderators for deleting the postings.
In Hong Kong, 10,000–15,000 people attended the candlelight vigil in remembrance of Zhao. Mainlanders such as Chen Juoyi said that it was illegal for Hong Kong legislators to join any farewell ceremony, stating ''"...under the 'one country, two systems' a Hong Kong legislator cannot care anything about mainland China."'' The statement caused a political storm in Hong Kong that continued for three days after his speech. Szeto Wah, the chairman of The Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China, said that it was not right for the Communists to suppress the memorial ceremony. The twenty-four pan-democrat legislators went against the chairperson of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong, insisting that security be tightened at Tiananmen Square and at Zhao's house, and that the authorities try to prevent any public displays of grief.
Similar memorials were held around the world, notably in New York City and Washington, DC where American government officials and exiled political dissidents attended.
Zhao's positions would have normally entitled him to a state funeral, but the PRC government stated that the funerary arrangements for past leaders had been streamlined and state funerals were no longer held. Skeptics have questioned whether future funerals of Chinese ex-leaders will be as muted as Zhao's.
On 29 January 2005 the government held a funeral ceremony for him at the Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery, a place reserved for revolutionary heroes and high government officials, that was attended by some 2,000 mourners that had been pre-approved to attend. Several dissidents, including Zhao's secretary Bao Tong and Tiananmen Mothers leader Ding Zilin, were kept under house arrest to prevent them from attending. The most senior official to attend the funeral was Jia Qinglin, fourth in the party hierarchy. Mourners were allowed five at a time to view Zhao's flag-covered body and to pay respect to his family. They were forbidden to bring flowers or to inscribe their own messages on the government-issued flowers. There was no eulogy at the ceremony because the government and Zhao's family could not agree on its content: while the government wanted to say he made mistakes, his family refused to accept he did anything wrong. On the day of his funeral, state television mentioned Zhao's death for the first time and issued a short obituary acknowledging his contribution to economic reforms, but saying he made "serious mistakes" during the 1989 protests. After the ceremony, Zhao was . His ashes were taken to his Beijing home as the government denied him a place at Babaoshan.
Push for rehabilitation
In 2005, former NPC Chairman Wan Li joined more than 20 retired Politburo members, including Tian Jiyun, former Vice Premier,
in asking the Central Government to rehabilitate Zhao’s name and hold memorial services for him for his many important contributions to China. The Chinese government agreed to hold a ceremony to honor the late Communist Party chief Zhao Ziyang, but the response fell far short of satisfying the requests from both inside and outside the CPC.
Zheng Haixia
Zheng Haixia is a retired professional women's basketball player for the China women's national basketball team and the Women's National Basketball Association.
In 1983, Haixia made her debut at the Basketball World Championship and finished 3rd. The following year, she and her teammates finished 1st in the and 3rd in the .
In 1986, she led the Chinese team to fifth in the 10th World Championship, 1st in the Asian Games, 1st in the and 2nd in the World Championship.
In 1992, she inspired her teammates to win the silver in the . The following year, she won the East Asian Games, the World University Games and National Games.
In 1994, she claimed the titles in the Asian Championship and ranked 2nd in the World Championship, being named MVP of the event by averaging 26.4 points, 13.1 rebounds and shooting 83.5% from the field.
One year later, she and her teammates retained their title in the 16th Asian Championship.
In 1996, she made her fourth Olympic appearance in , averaging 18.1 points, 9 rebounds. One year later, she won the 8th National Games with the PLA team.
In 1997 she retired from the Chinese national team and went to play with the Los Angeles Sparks in the in the United States. At the end of 1998, she returned to China and began to coach the PLA women's team. She is currently a coach in China.
In 1997 Haixia received the Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award becoming the first Asian women as well as international player to win any award in the WNBA. She led the WNBA in field goal percentage at .618.
She started to practice basketball at the age of 12 and was selected by the Wuhan Army club team one year later. In 1983, she entered the national team.
*Position:
*Height: 6 ft. 8 in
*Shoe size: mens 18 / 54
*Team: Los Angeles Sparks
WNBA Career Totals
WNBA Career Averages
International career
In 1983, Haixia made her debut at the Basketball World Championship and finished 3rd. The following year, she and her teammates finished 1st in the and 3rd in the .
In 1986, she led the Chinese team to fifth in the 10th World Championship, 1st in the Asian Games, 1st in the and 2nd in the World Championship.
In 1992, she inspired her teammates to win the silver in the . The following year, she won the East Asian Games, the World University Games and National Games.
In 1994, she claimed the titles in the Asian Championship and ranked 2nd in the World Championship, being named MVP of the event by averaging 26.4 points, 13.1 rebounds and shooting 83.5% from the field.
One year later, she and her teammates retained their title in the 16th Asian Championship.
In 1996, she made her fourth Olympic appearance in , averaging 18.1 points, 9 rebounds. One year later, she won the 8th National Games with the PLA team.
WNBA career
In 1997 she retired from the Chinese national team and went to play with the Los Angeles Sparks in the in the United States. At the end of 1998, she returned to China and began to coach the PLA women's team. She is currently a coach in China.
In 1997 Haixia received the Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award becoming the first Asian women as well as international player to win any award in the WNBA. She led the WNBA in field goal percentage at .618.
Personal
She started to practice basketball at the age of 12 and was selected by the Wuhan Army club team one year later. In 1983, she entered the national team.
Vital statistics
*Position:
*Height: 6 ft. 8 in
*Shoe size: mens 18 / 54
*Team: Los Angeles Sparks
Career Statistics
WNBA Career Totals
WNBA Career Averages
Zhou Heyang
Zhou Heyang is a .
Zhou Heyang was born in Luoyang, Henan, . He is a Chinese professional Go player. He turned professional in 1988, and advanced to 9 dan in 2001. He started learning how to play Go at the age of 8. When he was 11, he joined the National Wei-qi Youth Team.
Zhou was described as being a mischievous, boisterous, opinionated and pugnacious child. He learnt because his father thought he'd change his behavior. He quickly progressed and improved quickly. He hated losing, and it could be seen. At the age of 10, he already achieved 4th place at the National Youth Championships. Since he was 4th in the tournament, he left home and joined the National Youth Squad in Beijing. Now he could learn about the deeper facts of Go. The team was an outstanding squad of Shao Weigang, Lui Jing, Chang Hao, Luo Xihe, Wang Lei, and Zhou himself. The problem Zhou had was that he wasn't like the other players. He didn't go through the normal system of city or province squads. He never had those training methods. He slowly matured up after joining the team. It took him a long 18 months to finally reach the average strength of the group. He was still a very unconfident player. There was harsh criticism in the training system the team used. This is the one part Zhou had an advantage, and that was his stubbornness. Zhou was very lucky because the squad teacher, Wu Yulin, kept him with the team even though he was progressing much slower than the other teammates. Zhou would gain patience from the criticism. Now he could count a game accurately.
Zhou was getting much stronger now. It was said that if he ever got ahead in a game, not even Lee Chang-ho could come back and win. This became true when he beat Lee in the 10th Fujitsu Cup before following up on beating him again in the 13th Fujitsu Cup. He isn't like Lee, but he claims that both their abilities to count in the yose is above others.
Zhou finally won his first major tournament when he won the 1996 National Go Individual. He would then get entry into the next year's Fujitsu Cup, but he was blocked off by Kobayashi Koichi after beating Choi Myung-Hoon, Takemiya Masaki, and Lee Chang-ho.
Ranks #5 in .
Biography
Zhou Heyang was born in Luoyang, Henan, . He is a Chinese professional Go player. He turned professional in 1988, and advanced to 9 dan in 2001. He started learning how to play Go at the age of 8. When he was 11, he joined the National Wei-qi Youth Team.
As A Child
Zhou was described as being a mischievous, boisterous, opinionated and pugnacious child. He learnt because his father thought he'd change his behavior. He quickly progressed and improved quickly. He hated losing, and it could be seen. At the age of 10, he already achieved 4th place at the National Youth Championships. Since he was 4th in the tournament, he left home and joined the National Youth Squad in Beijing. Now he could learn about the deeper facts of Go. The team was an outstanding squad of Shao Weigang, Lui Jing, Chang Hao, Luo Xihe, Wang Lei, and Zhou himself. The problem Zhou had was that he wasn't like the other players. He didn't go through the normal system of city or province squads. He never had those training methods. He slowly matured up after joining the team. It took him a long 18 months to finally reach the average strength of the group. He was still a very unconfident player. There was harsh criticism in the training system the team used. This is the one part Zhou had an advantage, and that was his stubbornness. Zhou was very lucky because the squad teacher, Wu Yulin, kept him with the team even though he was progressing much slower than the other teammates. Zhou would gain patience from the criticism. Now he could count a game accurately.
Growing Up
Zhou was getting much stronger now. It was said that if he ever got ahead in a game, not even Lee Chang-ho could come back and win. This became true when he beat Lee in the 10th Fujitsu Cup before following up on beating him again in the 13th Fujitsu Cup. He isn't like Lee, but he claims that both their abilities to count in the yose is above others.
Zhou finally won his first major tournament when he won the 1996 National Go Individual. He would then get entry into the next year's Fujitsu Cup, but he was blocked off by Kobayashi Koichi after beating Choi Myung-Hoon, Takemiya Masaki, and Lee Chang-ho.
Promotions
Titles & runners-up
Ranks #5 in .
Zhu Xiaodong
Zhu Xiaodong is a . He went to Qinghai in 1968 as a "barefoot doctor", with the aim of helping local residents fight and prevent plague. He currently serves as the president of the Chinese Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and Consultant of Cardiac Surgery at Fu Wai Cardiovascular Hospital. He is a recipient of the 1988 "Medical Expert with Outstanding Achievements" award and the 1988 "Famous physician" award.
Liu Guoliang
Liu Guoliang is a Chinese table tennis player who won all titles at major world tournaments including World Championships, World Cup and Olympic Games. The second man to achieve a career gland slam of 3 majors .
Liu Guoliang was born in Xinxiang, Henan, PRC. He was appointed as the head coach of the China's national men's team at the age of 27. He has retired after the 2001 season. He is currently the head coach of the Chinese men's national table tennis team and has coached them to a team gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in addition to the medal sweep by , , and Wang Liqin.
His playing style is based on the use of short pimple-out rubber and he uses a penholder grip. His blade is STIGA Clipper, his forehand rubber is STIGA Clippa and his reverse backhand is STIGA Mendo Energy.
Liu Guoliang's older bother, Liu Guodong, is the current head coach of the Singapore table tennis national team.
Biography
Liu Guoliang was born in Xinxiang, Henan, PRC. He was appointed as the head coach of the China's national men's team at the age of 27. He has retired after the 2001 season. He is currently the head coach of the Chinese men's national table tennis team and has coached them to a team gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in addition to the medal sweep by , , and Wang Liqin.
His playing style is based on the use of short pimple-out rubber and he uses a penholder grip. His blade is STIGA Clipper, his forehand rubber is STIGA Clippa and his reverse backhand is STIGA Mendo Energy.
Liu Guoliang's older bother, Liu Guodong, is the current head coach of the Singapore table tennis national team.
Liu Guodong
Liu Guodong （born April 17, 1974) is the current head coach of the Singapore table tennis national team.
Liu Guodong's younger bother, Liu Guoliang, is the current head coach of the China's table tennis national team.
Liu Guodong's younger bother, Liu Guoliang, is the current head coach of the China's table tennis national team.
Jia Zhanbo
Jia Zhanbo is a male who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics.
He was born in Xinyang, Henan.
He won the gold medal in the men's 50 metre rifle three positions competition. He also competed in the and finished eighth.
He was born in Xinyang, Henan.
He won the gold medal in the men's 50 metre rifle three positions competition. He also competed in the and finished eighth.
Ji Hongchang
Ji Hongchang, was a Chinese general and patriot.
Ji Hongchang was born in 1895, in Fugou, Henan province of China. He started his military career in 1913 under the leadership of Gen. Feng Yuxiang. He was the commander of the 22nd Army when he was nominated as Ningxia chairman. Refusing to attack the Red Army led by the Communist Party while the whole country was threatened by Japan, he was sacked by Chiang Kai-shek and ordered to "observe and study" abroad. He returned to China in 1932. In May 1933, he helped to organize the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army together with Feng Yuxiang and Fang Zhenwu and directed it along the front line against the Japanese invaders. The army recovered the Japanese-controlled Duolun and built nationwide confidence to fight against the Japanese. In October, the People's Army was extinguished, by Chiang Kai-shek who mobilized sixteen divisions against them. Ji Hongchang fought on for a while before steathily seeking asylum in Tianjin's extraterritory in Jan 1934.
Chiang's policy to "extinguish the outlaws before fighting against invaders" disappointed him. As a result he joined the Communist Party in March of 1934. On April 24th, Ji established the "Great Anti-Fascism Alliance of Chinese People" in Tianjin, with Feng Yuxiang, and Fang Zhenwu. Kuomintang agents injured Ji Hongchang in an assassination attempt on Nov 9th, and colluded with French police in extraditing Ji Hongchang for execution in Peking on Nov 4th.
Biography
Ji Hongchang was born in 1895, in Fugou, Henan province of China. He started his military career in 1913 under the leadership of Gen. Feng Yuxiang. He was the commander of the 22nd Army when he was nominated as Ningxia chairman. Refusing to attack the Red Army led by the Communist Party while the whole country was threatened by Japan, he was sacked by Chiang Kai-shek and ordered to "observe and study" abroad. He returned to China in 1932. In May 1933, he helped to organize the Chahar People's Anti-Japanese Army together with Feng Yuxiang and Fang Zhenwu and directed it along the front line against the Japanese invaders. The army recovered the Japanese-controlled Duolun and built nationwide confidence to fight against the Japanese. In October, the People's Army was extinguished, by Chiang Kai-shek who mobilized sixteen divisions against them. Ji Hongchang fought on for a while before steathily seeking asylum in Tianjin's extraterritory in Jan 1934.
Chiang's policy to "extinguish the outlaws before fighting against invaders" disappointed him. As a result he joined the Communist Party in March of 1934. On April 24th, Ji established the "Great Anti-Fascism Alliance of Chinese People" in Tianjin, with Feng Yuxiang, and Fang Zhenwu. Kuomintang agents injured Ji Hongchang in an assassination attempt on Nov 9th, and colluded with French police in extraditing Ji Hongchang for execution in Peking on Nov 4th.
Ji Bingxuan
Ji Bingxuan is a politician of the People's Republic of China. He was born in Mengjin County, Henan Province, and joined the Communist Party of China in 1980. His former posts include the Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China Henan committee, secretary of the central secretariat of the Communist Youth League, a standing committee member of the CPC Jilin committee, the director of the propaganda department of Jilin, vice director of the CPC central propaganda department, and the vice director of the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television. In November 2002, he became the spokesman for the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. In 2003, he was appointed to the position of executive vice director of the CPC central propaganda department. In April 2008, he became a standing committee member and the secretary of the CPC Heilongjiang committee.
He has been an alternate member of the CPC 16th central committee and a full member of the .
He has been an alternate member of the CPC 16th central committee and a full member of the .
Du Wei (footballer)
Du Wei is a professional player who plays in defence, as a centre-back for Shanghai Shenhua.
In season 2005/06, he had a 6-month spell at in the Scottish Premier League. He was also a former captain of China's U-21 Football Team and China's in 2004.
Before he transferred to Celtic in 2005, he had played for Shanghai Cable and Shanghai Shenhua. He is able to play central defence and defensive midfielder. He made his uninspiring Celtic first team debut in the Scottish Cup Third Round tie against on 9 January 2006 in a surprise 2-1 defeat for the Glasgow club.
Du was substituted at half time by Celtic manager Gordon Strachan during his debut game against Clyde. The Celtic Board of Directors decided against renewing the player's loan, so Du Wei returned to Shanghai Shenhua in mid-January after playing with Celtic's first team for only one 45-minute half.
Du first came to prominence when he played two matches for the at the .
The agent for Du Wei is Edmund Chu, president of RAMP Management Group.
''Correct as of 23 June 2007''
In season 2005/06, he had a 6-month spell at in the Scottish Premier League. He was also a former captain of China's U-21 Football Team and China's in 2004.
Before he transferred to Celtic in 2005, he had played for Shanghai Cable and Shanghai Shenhua. He is able to play central defence and defensive midfielder. He made his uninspiring Celtic first team debut in the Scottish Cup Third Round tie against on 9 January 2006 in a surprise 2-1 defeat for the Glasgow club.
Du was substituted at half time by Celtic manager Gordon Strachan during his debut game against Clyde. The Celtic Board of Directors decided against renewing the player's loan, so Du Wei returned to Shanghai Shenhua in mid-January after playing with Celtic's first team for only one 45-minute half.
Du first came to prominence when he played two matches for the at the .
The agent for Du Wei is Edmund Chu, president of RAMP Management Group.
Club Career Stats
''Correct as of 23 June 2007''
Dong Dong
''The first name is also'' Dong.
Dong Dong is a male gymnast who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
His personal best performance was at the coming 2nd in the Individual event.
Dong Dong is a male gymnast who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics.
His personal best performance was at the coming 2nd in the Individual event.
Deng Yaping
Deng Yaping is a Chinese table tennis player, who won six world championships and four championships between 1989 and 1997. She is regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of the sport.
Deng began playing table tennis at age five, and four years later she won her provincial junior championship. She was age 13 when she won her first national championship.
Despite her success, she was initially denied a spot on the national team because she was so short . Her talent, however, could not be denied, and she was finally included on the national team in 1988. She teamed with Qiao Hong to win her first world championship title in the women's doubles competition in 1989. Two years later in 1991, Deng won her first singles world championship.
At the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, she won a gold medal in both the singles and doubles competitions and repeated the feat at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She also earned singles and doubles titles at the 1995 and 1997 world championships.
When she retired at the age of 24, she had won more titles than any other player in the sport, including four gold medals, and had been 18 times world champion in table tennis. From 1990 to 1997, she retained the title of world No. 1 ranked female table tennis player for 8 years. She was voted Chinese female athlete of the century, and joined the International Table Tennis Federation Hall of Fame in 2003.
40th Table Tennis World Championship Women's Double Gold.
1st Table Tennis World Cup Women's Team Gold.
41st Table Tennis World Championship Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold.
2nd Table Tennis World Cup Women's Team Gold, Women's Double Gold.
25th Olympic Games Table Tennis Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold.
42nd Table Tennis World Championship Women's Team Gold, Women's Double Silver.
43rd Table Tennis World Championship Women's Team Gold, Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold, Mixed Double Silver.
4th Table Tennis World Cup Women's Team Gold
26th Olympic Games Table Tennis Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold.
44th Table Tennis World Championship Women's Team Gold, Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold, Mixed Double Silver.
After retiring at the end of the 1997 season, Deng served on the International Olympic Committee's ethics and athletes commissions. She is also a member of the elite Laureus World Sports Academy, and a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
She gained a bachelor's degree from Tsinghua University, a master's degree from the University of Nottingham, and as of March 2006, was continuing to study for a PhD. in Land Economy at the University of Cambridge . Her research work coincides with her professional focus on the marketing, management and development of the as a member of the Beijing Organizing Committee.
In 2007, she married Lin Zhigang, also a table tennis player, and later gave birth to a baby boy.
Career
Deng began playing table tennis at age five, and four years later she won her provincial junior championship. She was age 13 when she won her first national championship.
Despite her success, she was initially denied a spot on the national team because she was so short . Her talent, however, could not be denied, and she was finally included on the national team in 1988. She teamed with Qiao Hong to win her first world championship title in the women's doubles competition in 1989. Two years later in 1991, Deng won her first singles world championship.
At the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona, Spain, she won a gold medal in both the singles and doubles competitions and repeated the feat at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She also earned singles and doubles titles at the 1995 and 1997 world championships.
When she retired at the age of 24, she had won more titles than any other player in the sport, including four gold medals, and had been 18 times world champion in table tennis. From 1990 to 1997, she retained the title of world No. 1 ranked female table tennis player for 8 years. She was voted Chinese female athlete of the century, and joined the International Table Tennis Federation Hall of Fame in 2003.
Successes
40th Table Tennis World Championship Women's Double Gold.
1st Table Tennis World Cup Women's Team Gold.
41st Table Tennis World Championship Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold.
2nd Table Tennis World Cup Women's Team Gold, Women's Double Gold.
25th Olympic Games Table Tennis Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold.
42nd Table Tennis World Championship Women's Team Gold, Women's Double Silver.
43rd Table Tennis World Championship Women's Team Gold, Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold, Mixed Double Silver.
4th Table Tennis World Cup Women's Team Gold
26th Olympic Games Table Tennis Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold.
44th Table Tennis World Championship Women's Team Gold, Women's Single Gold, Women's Double Gold, Mixed Double Silver.
Life after retirement
After retiring at the end of the 1997 season, Deng served on the International Olympic Committee's ethics and athletes commissions. She is also a member of the elite Laureus World Sports Academy, and a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.
She gained a bachelor's degree from Tsinghua University, a master's degree from the University of Nottingham, and as of March 2006, was continuing to study for a PhD. in Land Economy at the University of Cambridge . Her research work coincides with her professional focus on the marketing, management and development of the as a member of the Beijing Organizing Committee.
In 2007, she married Lin Zhigang, also a table tennis player, and later gave birth to a baby boy.
Daniel C. Tsui
Daniel Chee Tsui is a -born physicist whose areas of research included electrical properties of thin films and microstructures of semiconductors and solid-state physics. In 1998, along with Horst L. St?rmer of Columbia University and Robert Laughlin of Stanford, Daniel Tsui was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to the discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect.
=Education=
Daniel Tsui attended , Kowloon, Hong Kong. He moved to the United States in 1958 to attend in Rock Island, Illinois, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa. He received his doctorate in physics from the University of Chicago in 1968 and immediately took a job at Bell Labs where he was a pioneer in the study of two-dimensional electrons. His discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect, the work for which he was awarded the Nobel prize, occurred shortly before he was appointed a professor of Electrical Engineering at in 1982.
=Education=
Daniel Tsui attended , Kowloon, Hong Kong. He moved to the United States in 1958 to attend in Rock Island, Illinois, and graduated Phi Beta Kappa. He received his doctorate in physics from the University of Chicago in 1968 and immediately took a job at Bell Labs where he was a pioneer in the study of two-dimensional electrons. His discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect, the work for which he was awarded the Nobel prize, occurred shortly before he was appointed a professor of Electrical Engineering at in 1982.
Chen Zhong
Chen Zhong is a female Taekwondo practitioner who competed at the Summer Olympic games in , , and .
Chen Zhong was born in Jiaozuo, Henan in 1982. She was educated in Beijing Sport University.
Chen Zhong, at 6ft tall, played basketball for 4 years in Jiaozuo Amateur Sport School before learning Taekwondo in 1995. She was selected to the Chinese national Taekwondo team in 1997. In 2000, she graduated from Athletic Sport School Affiliated to Beijing Sport University and furthered her study in Beijing Sport University.
She won the gold medal in the heavyweight competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics as well as four years later at the 2004 Summer Olympics. In the quarterfinals at the 2008 Summer Olympics, she was initially declared the winner over Sarah Stevenson of , but the result was overturned after a protest by the British officials that an offensive kick scoring two points by Stevenson had been missed.
Biography
Chen Zhong was born in Jiaozuo, Henan in 1982. She was educated in Beijing Sport University.
Chen Zhong, at 6ft tall, played basketball for 4 years in Jiaozuo Amateur Sport School before learning Taekwondo in 1995. She was selected to the Chinese national Taekwondo team in 1997. In 2000, she graduated from Athletic Sport School Affiliated to Beijing Sport University and furthered her study in Beijing Sport University.
She won the gold medal in the heavyweight competition at the 2000 Summer Olympics as well as four years later at the 2004 Summer Olympics. In the quarterfinals at the 2008 Summer Olympics, she was initially declared the winner over Sarah Stevenson of , but the result was overturned after a protest by the British officials that an offensive kick scoring two points by Stevenson had been missed.
Bie Tingfang
Bie Tingfang was a Lieutenant-General in the National Revolutionary Army of China.
Bie was born into a poor peasantry family in Neixiang County, Nanyang, Henan in 1883. After numerous persecutions by the local landlords, Bie was forced into joining one of the gangs of bandits. Unlike other bandits, Bie Tingfang had a great ambition and used this opportunity to his advantage by becoming a local Robin Hood for the poor. At the same time, Bie Tingfang also realized that in order to dominate the region, he must obtain the support of from local landlords as well. Luckily, the most powerful landlords were not at good terms with those less powerful landlords who persecuted Bie, so Bie carefully cultivated his good relationships with the largest local warlords by orchestrating a ghost event.
The largest local landlord Zhou had a serious family problem: his fourth concubine committed suicide by hanging herself because she could not take Zhou's wife's pressure. Bie Tingfang ordered his followers to hide outside the windows of the rooms of Zhou's residence, faking the crying of the dead concubine, which threatened the wife, who was directly responsible for the concubine's death. Zhou's wife obviously had nerve break-down and Zhou was disparate to find a solution. Bie Tingfang offered his service to rid of the fourth concubine's ghost from Zhou's residence, and after an elaborate ceremony, Bie Tingfang begun his so-called supernatural services by acting alone, while others were only too happy to oblige. Bie Tingfang entered the room in which the fourth concubine hung herself and then the wife's bedroom, and soon reappeared, claiming the ghost was destroyed for good. The ghostly crying of the fourth concubine stopped the very same night .
The most powerful landlord was of course grateful and promised Bie anything he wanted. Bie took this advantage by asking financial support to purchase repeating rifles, getting legitimacy by becoming the local security force, and making peace with those less powerful landlords who previously persecuted him. As a result, Bie Tingfang managed to turn his former enemy into allies while making more powerful friends, and due to his highly disciplined troops, he also maintained his peasantry support by eliminate other bandits who robbed the poor. From this humble beginning, Bie eventually developed into and remained a powerful warlord in Henan by switching to different sides between Feng Yuxiang and Chiang Kai-shek.
Bie Tingfang was able to maintain his control in Henan regardless of his Kuomintang superiors because he was a capable and ardent anti-communist. Bie was instrumental in defeating Zhang Guotao and completely wiping out Zhang's communist base in Henan, forcing Zhang to fled to Sichuan and establish new base there. For his successful anti-communist campaigns, neither Feng Yuxiang nor Chiang Kai-shek would want to replace him because they would rather have a warlord they could bribe instead of communists. Furthermore, before the total defeat of Guominjun, both sides needed Bie's support or at least, neutrality in their fights.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War he was Commandant of the Self-Defence Army in the Henan 6th District from 1938 to 1939. Chiang Kai-shek had become Bie's last boss and planned to remove him after completely defeating Feng Yuxiang. However, Bie proved to be a tough nut to crack, and his force readily and soundly defeated Chiang Kai-shek's force, and its commander, Tang Enbo was forced to disguise as an army cook to escape from Henan in order to evade capture. Following the Japanese success in the Battle of Wuhan and Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang he became a Guerrilla Commandant in the Hubei-Henan-Anhui border area until he died of disease in 1940. In his last years, Bie Tingfang made a drastic turn in his political preference by cooperating with communists to fight the Japanese invaders, thus becoming an ally or at least, a sympathizer of communists from the original ardent anti-communist.
Biography
Bie was born into a poor peasantry family in Neixiang County, Nanyang, Henan in 1883. After numerous persecutions by the local landlords, Bie was forced into joining one of the gangs of bandits. Unlike other bandits, Bie Tingfang had a great ambition and used this opportunity to his advantage by becoming a local Robin Hood for the poor. At the same time, Bie Tingfang also realized that in order to dominate the region, he must obtain the support of from local landlords as well. Luckily, the most powerful landlords were not at good terms with those less powerful landlords who persecuted Bie, so Bie carefully cultivated his good relationships with the largest local warlords by orchestrating a ghost event.
The largest local landlord Zhou had a serious family problem: his fourth concubine committed suicide by hanging herself because she could not take Zhou's wife's pressure. Bie Tingfang ordered his followers to hide outside the windows of the rooms of Zhou's residence, faking the crying of the dead concubine, which threatened the wife, who was directly responsible for the concubine's death. Zhou's wife obviously had nerve break-down and Zhou was disparate to find a solution. Bie Tingfang offered his service to rid of the fourth concubine's ghost from Zhou's residence, and after an elaborate ceremony, Bie Tingfang begun his so-called supernatural services by acting alone, while others were only too happy to oblige. Bie Tingfang entered the room in which the fourth concubine hung herself and then the wife's bedroom, and soon reappeared, claiming the ghost was destroyed for good. The ghostly crying of the fourth concubine stopped the very same night .
The most powerful landlord was of course grateful and promised Bie anything he wanted. Bie took this advantage by asking financial support to purchase repeating rifles, getting legitimacy by becoming the local security force, and making peace with those less powerful landlords who previously persecuted him. As a result, Bie Tingfang managed to turn his former enemy into allies while making more powerful friends, and due to his highly disciplined troops, he also maintained his peasantry support by eliminate other bandits who robbed the poor. From this humble beginning, Bie eventually developed into and remained a powerful warlord in Henan by switching to different sides between Feng Yuxiang and Chiang Kai-shek.
Bie Tingfang was able to maintain his control in Henan regardless of his Kuomintang superiors because he was a capable and ardent anti-communist. Bie was instrumental in defeating Zhang Guotao and completely wiping out Zhang's communist base in Henan, forcing Zhang to fled to Sichuan and establish new base there. For his successful anti-communist campaigns, neither Feng Yuxiang nor Chiang Kai-shek would want to replace him because they would rather have a warlord they could bribe instead of communists. Furthermore, before the total defeat of Guominjun, both sides needed Bie's support or at least, neutrality in their fights.
During the Second Sino-Japanese War he was Commandant of the Self-Defence Army in the Henan 6th District from 1938 to 1939. Chiang Kai-shek had become Bie's last boss and planned to remove him after completely defeating Feng Yuxiang. However, Bie proved to be a tough nut to crack, and his force readily and soundly defeated Chiang Kai-shek's force, and its commander, Tang Enbo was forced to disguise as an army cook to escape from Henan in order to evade capture. Following the Japanese success in the Battle of Wuhan and Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang he became a Guerrilla Commandant in the Hubei-Henan-Anhui border area until he died of disease in 1940. In his last years, Bie Tingfang made a drastic turn in his political preference by cooperating with communists to fight the Japanese invaders, thus becoming an ally or at least, a sympathizer of communists from the original ardent anti-communist.
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